40 Creative Cat Balcony Ideas to Keep Your Feline Friend Safe and Happy

creative cat balcony designs

Transform your balcony into a feline paradise with creative ideas that prioritize your cat’s safety and happiness. Install sturdy safety netting to prevent falls and opt for comfortable, cozy furniture like hammocks and soft cushions. Incorporate climbing structures and scratching posts for exercise. Add planter boxes with cat grass and create elevated perches for sunbathing. With playful water features and cat-friendly art, there’s so much more you can do to enrich your cat’s outdoor experience.

Cat-Friendly Furniture

cat friendly balcony furniture solutions

When you’re designing a cat-friendly balcony, choosing the right furniture is essential for your feline friend’s comfort and safety.

Opt for cat bed alternatives like hammocks or cozy baskets that can be securely placed to catch the sun. Look for feline furniture styles that blend seamlessly with your outdoor decor, ensuring both aesthetics and functionality.

Consider multi-level cat trees or shelves, giving your cat a place to climb and observe their surroundings. Incorporate soft cushions or blankets for added comfort.

Make sure any furniture is sturdy and weather-resistant, so it lasts through the seasons. With the right choices, your balcony can become a perfect retreat for your cat to relax and enjoy the fresh air.

Safety Netting Solutions

cat safety balcony netting

To keep your cat safe while enjoying the fresh air on your balcony, installing safety netting is a must. There are various safety netting types you can choose from, including mesh, nylon, and heavy-duty options. Each type offers unique benefits, so consider your balcony’s layout and your cat’s activity level when selecting the right fit.

For installation, start by measuring your balcony’s dimensions to guarantee proper coverage. Use sturdy anchors for a secure attachment, and make sure the netting is taut to prevent your cat from squeezing through.

Don’t forget to regularly inspect the netting for wear and tear. By following these installation tips, you can create a safe, enjoyable space for your feline friend to bask in the sunshine.

Cat Trees for Balconies

balcony cat tree paradise

Cat trees can transform your balcony into a feline paradise, providing your kitty with a perfect perch to observe the world below.

Wall mounted trees save space while giving your cat vertical territory to explore. These trees can be placed near railings, allowing your furry friend to enjoy the fresh air without compromising safety.

Consider multi functional trees that include scratching posts or cozy napping spots to keep your cat entertained.

Choose designs that blend seamlessly with your balcony decor, ensuring both style and function.

With the right cat tree, your balcony will become an engaging haven, keeping your cat happy and active.

Plus, you’ll love watching your feline friend enjoy their new elevated playground!

Planter Boxes With Cat Grass

elevated planter boxes for cats

If you want to create a green oasis for your feline friend, consider adding planter boxes filled with cat grass to your balcony.

Cat grass varieties like wheatgrass, oat grass, and barley grass aren’t only safe but also provide a delightful treat for your kitty. These plants can improve digestion and reduce hairballs, keeping your cat healthy and happy.

When choosing planter box designs, opt for rectangular or tiered boxes that maximize space. Make sure they’ve drainage holes to keep the soil fresh and prevent overwatering.

You can also place them at various heights to create an engaging environment. With a little creativity, your balcony can transform into a lush retreat that your cat will adore.

Elevated Perches

cozy elevated feline perches

While your feline friend enjoys the sunshine, elevated perches can provide the perfect spot for them to observe their surroundings.

These perches not only keep your cat safe but also stimulate their natural curiosity. You can choose from various perch materials, like sturdy wood or comfortable fabric, ensuring durability and coziness.

Consider perch designs that fit your balcony’s layout, such as wall-mounted shelves or free-standing towers. Adding a few different heights will give your cat options, letting them choose their favorite vantage point.

Decorate the perches with soft cushions or blankets to create a cozy retreat.

With the right elevated perches, your cat will feel like the king or queen of their balcony kingdom, enjoying the fresh air and sights!

Outdoor Cat Shelters

safe outdoor cat shelter

Creating a safe and inviting space on your balcony goes beyond elevated perches; outdoor cat shelters play a vital role in guaranteeing your feline stays protected from the elements.

Consider various cat shelter designs that suit your balcony’s layout and your cat’s preferences. You might opt for a cozy, enclosed structure that offers warmth during chilly nights or a shaded area for sunny days.

Portable outdoor shelters are also a great choice, allowing you to move them as needed for maximum comfort. Make certain to choose weather-resistant materials and guarantee proper ventilation.

With the right outdoor cat shelter, you’ll give your furry friend a secure spot to relax and enjoy the fresh air, all while keeping them safe and happy.

DIY Cat Hammocks

cozy suspended cat bed

DIY cat hammocks are a fantastic way to give your feline friend a cozy spot to lounge on your balcony. You can create suspended cat beds using simple materials like sturdy fabric, wood, and rope.

Start by measuring your space and cutting the fabric to your desired size. Use cat hammock materials that are durable yet comfortable, such as canvas or fleece.

Next, secure the hammock to a sturdy frame or railing with strong ropes or straps. Make sure it’s safely anchored to withstand your cat’s playful antics.

Adding a soft blanket or pillow will make the hammock even more inviting. With a little creativity, you’ll have a perfect retreat for your kitty to relax and enjoy the view!

Window Boxes for Cats

cozy window boxes for cats

After setting up a cozy hammock for your cat, consider adding window boxes to enhance their outdoor experience.

Window boxes not only provide a fresh view but also a chance for your feline friend to enjoy nature safely. When choosing window box dimensions, make sure they’re wide enough for your cat to comfortably sit or lie down. A depth of at least six inches works well.

For plant selection, opt for non-toxic varieties like catnip, herbs, or grasses that entice curiosity without harm. Arrange the plants to create a stimulating environment while keeping them secure within the box.

With a little creativity, these window boxes can transform your balcony into a delightful retreat for your beloved cat.

Cat Walkways and Bridges

elevated cat adventure pathways

When designing your cat’s outdoor space, incorporating walkways and bridges can elevate their adventure while keeping them safe.

Cat walkways designs can include narrow planks or sturdy shelves, creating a fun, elevated path for your feline friend. These pathways not only stimulate their natural climbing instincts but also provide a secure way to explore.

For elevated bridges ideas, consider connecting different levels of your balcony or garden, allowing your cat to traverse from one area to another. You can use materials like wood or sturdy plastic to guarantee durability.

Adding some gentle curves can make the walkways visually appealing and exciting for your cat. With the right setup, you’ll transform your balcony into a feline playground!

Retractable Screens

safe outdoor space solution

To keep your cat safe while enjoying the fresh air, consider installing retractable screens on your balcony.

These screens offer numerous benefits, such as allowing fresh air and sunlight while keeping your feline friend secure. They’re easy to use; you can pull them down when needed and retract them when you want an unobstructed view.

For installation, make sure to measure your balcony’s dimensions accurately. Choose screens that fit snugly to prevent any escape routes.

Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for mounting, ensuring a secure fit. With retractable screens, you’ll create a safe haven for your cat to bask in the outdoors without the worry of them jumping or falling off the balcony.

It’s a simple yet effective solution for every cat owner!

Enclosed Cat Play Areas

enclosed balcony cat play area

If you want to provide your cat with a safe and stimulating outdoor experience, consider creating an enclosed cat play area on your balcony.

These spaces can help satisfy your cat’s natural curiosity and desire for exploration while ensuring their outdoor safety. You can use sturdy mesh or netting to create a secure enclosure that allows your feline friend to enjoy fresh air and sunshine without the risk of escape or danger.

Incorporate shelves and climbing structures to encourage healthy cat behavior, giving them a place to play and perch.

Add toys and scratching posts to keep them entertained.

Catnip Planters

catnip planters for cats

Catnip planters are a fantastic addition to your balcony, offering your feline friend a delightful way to engage with nature. By planting various catnip varieties like Nepeta cataria or catmint, you can create a sensory paradise right outside your door.

Your cat will love exploring the aromatic leaves, and you’ll enjoy watching their playful antics.

The benefits of catnip are numerous; it can stimulate your cat’s natural hunting instincts, providing both mental and physical exercise. Plus, the calming effects of catnip can help reduce stress and anxiety.

Just remember to rotate the plants occasionally, ensuring your kitty stays interested in their new outdoor playground.

With catnip planters, you’ll keep your pet happy and healthy while enhancing your balcony’s charm!

Multi-Level Cat Platforms

vertical playground for cats

Creating multi-level cat platforms on your balcony can transform the space into a feline paradise.

By utilizing vertical space, you give your cat a playground that encourages exploration and exercise. Install shelves, ramps, and sturdy perches at varying heights to create a dynamic environment.

This setup not only provides climbing opportunities but also offers your cat a chance to survey their territory from above. You can even incorporate planters or decorative elements to make it visually appealing.

Confirm each platform is secure and accessible, so your cat feels safe while maneuvering their new domain.

With a little creativity, your balcony can become the ultimate adventure zone for your furry friend!

Weather-Resistant Cat Beds

weather resistant feline comfort

When you’re enhancing your balcony for your feline friend, considering weather-resistant cat beds is essential.

These beds are crafted from weather-resistant materials, ensuring they can withstand the elements while keeping your kitty comfortable. Look for options made from durable fabrics that repel moisture and resist fading from sunlight.

Insulated bedding is another key feature to seek out, as it provides warmth during chilly nights and comfort during cooler days.

With these beds, your cat will have a cozy spot to nap or lounge while enjoying the fresh air. Plus, a weather-resistant cat bed allows you to relax, knowing your furry friend is safe and happy, regardless of the weather.

Interactive Toys for the Balcony

interactive balcony cat toys

To keep your cat entertained while enjoying the balcony, consider incorporating interactive toys that stimulate their natural instincts.

A laser pointer can provide endless fun, allowing your feline friend to chase that elusive dot across the floor and walls. Just be sure to never aim it directly at their eyes!

Another great option is a balloon chase; securely tether a balloon to a lightweight string, letting it float just above your cat’s reach. This creates an exciting challenge for them as they leap and pounce, trying to catch it.

These engaging activities will keep your kitty active and happy while ensuring they stay safe in their outdoor environment.

Happy playing on the balcony!

Cat-Safe Balcony Decor

cat safe balcony decor ideas

While making your balcony cozy for your cat, it’s essential to choose decor that prioritizes their safety. Opt for cat-safe textiles, like outdoor fabrics that resist fading and are non-toxic. Look for cushions or mats that are both comfy and durable.

When selecting your balcony color schemes, consider soothing hues that create a relaxing environment for your feline friend. Soft greens, blues, or neutral tones can enhance the space without overwhelming your cat.

Additionally, incorporate sturdy planters or cat-friendly plants like catnip and spider plants. Avoid any small decor items that could pose choking hazards.

Climbing Structures

cat friendly climbing structures

Creating a cat-friendly balcony isn’t just about decor; incorporating climbing structures can greatly enhance your cat’s outdoor experience.

By adding shelves, ramps, or cat trees, you can encourage your feline friend to explore vertical spaces, which is essential for their physical and mental stimulation. Cats love climbing games, and these structures provide them with the opportunity to leap, perch, and survey their surroundings from a height.

Ascertain that the climbing structures are securely attached and safe, so your cat can enjoy their adventures without worry. You can even create a multi-level playground by stacking various elements, making your balcony an engaging and safe haven for your pet.

Feline-Friendly Fabrics

cat friendly balcony fabrics

When designing your cat-friendly balcony, choosing the right fabrics is essential for both comfort and durability. Opt for breathable materials like cotton or linen, which will keep your feline friend cool during warmer months.

Look for feline-friendly patterns that feature fun designs or colors to complement your balcony decor. Whether you’re selecting cushions, hammocks, or outdoor rugs, make sure the materials are easy to clean and resistant to fading from the sun.

Avoid synthetic fibers, as they can retain heat and be uncomfortable for your cat. By incorporating these thoughtful fabric choices, you’ll create a cozy, stylish space where your cat can relax and enjoy the outdoors safely.

Your furry companion will love it!

Sun Shelves for Cats

elevated sun lounging spots

If you want to give your cat the ultimate outdoor experience, consider adding sun shelves to your balcony.

These climbing shelves can create cozy, elevated spots where your feline can bask in the sun. Cats love lounging in sunny spots, and a well-placed shelf can provide the perfect view of the outside world.

You can install multiple shelves at different heights to encourage climbing and exploration, making your balcony a mini jungle gym. Use sturdy materials and guarantee the shelves are securely attached to withstand your cat’s playful antics.

With sun shelves, you’ll not only keep your cat entertained but also give them a safe space to enjoy those warm rays and watch the world go by.

Cat-Proofing Your Balcony Railings

cat balcony safety measures

To keep your cat safe while enjoying the fresh air, cat-proofing your balcony railings is essential.

Start with balcony railing modifications to prevent any accidental falls. You can add vertical bars or wire mesh to narrow the gaps between the railings, ensuring your feline friend can’t squeeze through.

Another effective method is mesh barrier installation. This involves securing durable mesh fabric along the railings, creating a protective barrier that won’t obstruct your view. Make sure the barrier is high enough to deter jumping.

Regularly inspect your setup for any wear and tear, as cats can be persistent. With these precautions in place, your cat can safely bask in the sun without a worry.

Cozy Nooks and Hideaways

cozy cat hideaways created

Creating cozy nooks and hideaways for your cat can transform your balcony into a feline paradise.

Start by identifying hidden corners where your cat can feel safe and secure. Use outdoor-friendly materials to build small shelters or platforms that offer both shade and comfort.

Add soft blankets to these spots to guarantee they’ve a snuggly place to curl up. Cats love to perch and observe, so consider incorporating a soft cat bed or a hammock in these areas.

You can also use decorative boxes or crates to create unique hideaways.

Cat-Safe Plants

cat safe balcony plants

Adding cat-safe plants to your balcony can enhance the space while keeping your furry friend safe.

Consider incorporating cat-safe herbs like catnip, basil, and parsley. These not only provide your kitty with a sensory delight but can also add a fresh aroma to your outdoor area.

Non-toxic flowers such as marigolds and pansies can brighten up your balcony while ensuring your feline’s well-being.

When selecting plants, always double-check that they’re safe for cats, as some common varieties can be harmful.

By filling your balcony with these delightful plants, you’ll create a vibrant environment that both you and your cat can enjoy together.

Keep it safe, beautiful, and full of life for your furry companion!

Balcony Enclosures

safe balcony for cats

While incorporating cat-safe plants can enhance your balcony, ensuring your cat’s safety is equally important. One effective way to achieve this is through balcony enclosures.

These secure spaces allow your feline friend to enjoy the sights and sounds of the outdoors while keeping them safe from potential hazards. You can choose from various designs, whether it’s a simple mesh setup or a more elaborate structure that fits your balcony’s style.

With a well-designed enclosure, your cat can indulge in feline exploration without the risk of wandering off or encountering dangers. Plus, it can provide a cozy spot for sunbathing and play, enriching their environment and ensuring their happiness.

Prioritize balcony safety and create a secure haven for your furry companion!

DIY Cat Tents

cozy diy cat tents

If you want to give your cat a cozy spot on the balcony, DIY cat tents are a fantastic option.

You can easily create a safe and inviting space using various cat tent materials like canvas, mesh, or even repurposed sheets. These materials are durable and breathable, ensuring your furry friend stays comfortable.

Consider making portable tent options so you can move them around as needed, allowing your cat to enjoy different views and sunshine.

You can customize the size and style to fit your balcony perfectly, adding cushions or toys inside for extra comfort.

With a little creativity and effort, you’ll provide your cat with a delightful retreat they’ll love exploring!

Outdoor Scratching Posts

outdoor scratching post setup

After setting up a cozy cat tent on your balcony, consider enhancing your outdoor space with scratching posts.

These posts provide your feline friend with the perfect outlet for their natural scratching instincts. Choose from various scratching post materials like sisal, wood, or carpet to suit your cat’s preferences.

Position these posts in outdoor scratching locations where your cat can enjoy the fresh air and sunshine while keeping their claws healthy. You might even want to create a little scratching area next to the cat tent for easy access.

Cat Observation Areas

cat friendly balcony retreat

Creating cat observation areas on your balcony can transform it into a paradise for your feline friend.

By setting up platforms or shelves at different heights, you give your cat the perfect spots to perch and watch the world go by. This not only satisfies their natural curiosity but also encourages healthy cat behavior.

You’ll notice how much more engaged and stimulated your cat becomes as they watch birds, squirrels, and passing pedestrians. The observation benefits are immense; it provides mental enrichment and helps reduce boredom.

Consider adding a cozy bed or some toys nearby, making it a go-to retreat. Your cat will feel safe, happy, and entertained, enjoying their outdoor view from the comfort of your balcony.

Pet-Friendly Outdoor Rugs

cozy stylish durable rugs

Transform your balcony into a cozy haven with pet-friendly outdoor rugs that offer both style and comfort.

These rugs feature vibrant outdoor patterns that can enhance your space while providing a soft surface for your feline friend. Look for options made from durable materials that guarantee weather resistance, so they can withstand sun, rain, and everything in between.

This way, your cat can enjoy lounging outside without you worrying about wear and tear. Plus, a well-chosen rug can add a pop of color and personality to your setup.

Feeding Stations

cat feeding station setup

A well-designed feeding station can make mealtime a delight for your cat while keeping your balcony neat and tidy.

Consider setting up an automatic feeder that dispenses food at scheduled times, ensuring your feline friend always has access to fresh meals. This feature is especially helpful if you’re busy or away from home.

To make mealtime more engaging, you can also introduce interactive bowls that challenge your cat to work for their food. These bowls stimulate their natural hunting instincts and provide mental stimulation.

Don’t forget to choose a location that’s sheltered from the wind and sun to keep your cat comfortable while they eat.

With the right setup, you’ll create a safe and enjoyable dining experience for your furry companion.

Portable Cat Carriers

comfortable and safe travel

When you’re planning a trip with your cat, having a reliable portable carrier is essential for their comfort and safety.

Look for carriers that provide adequate ventilation, easy access, and sturdy construction to guarantee travel safety. A soft, cozy lining can enhance carrier comfort, making your feline friend feel secure during the journey.

Choose a size that allows them to stand, turn around, and lie down comfortably. Some carriers even come with additional pockets for treats and essentials, adding convenience for you.

Remember to acclimate your cat to the carrier before your trip, so they associate it with positive experiences.

With the right portable carrier, you’ll both enjoy a stress-free travel adventure.

Cat Walks With Ramps

safe engaging cat pathways

Creating cat walks with ramps can be a fantastic way to enhance your feline’s lifestyle, as they provide both exercise and stimulation.

Cat ramps allow your kitty to explore high places safely, promoting feline fitness while satisfying their natural climbing instincts. You can easily install ramps that connect various levels of your balcony or home, ensuring your cat has access to different areas without the risk of falling.

Use sturdy materials that can support their weight and design the ramps with a non-slip surface for safety. Add some cozy spots along the way, like perches or hideaways, to entice your cat even more.

With cat ramps, you’ll create an engaging environment that keeps your furry friend active and entertained!

Seasonal Decorations for Cats

seasonal safe cat decorations

To keep your cat engaged and entertained throughout the year, consider incorporating seasonal decorations that reflect various holidays and changes in weather.

These seasonal themes can transform your balcony into a delightful space for both you and your feline friend. For spring, add colorful flowers or butterfly decorations, while summer can feature playful beach-themed accessories.

As fall approaches, introduce pumpkins and autumn leaves, and for winter, hang twinkling lights and snowflake ornaments.

Choose decorative accessories that are safe for your cat, avoiding anything they could swallow or get caught in.

Balcony Enrichment Activities

balcony cat enrichment activities

While your cat enjoys the fresh air on the balcony, you can enhance their experience with a variety of enrichment activities.

Set up interactive play sessions using feather wands or laser pointers to keep them engaged. These activities not only provide exercise but also strengthen your bond.

Consider adding sensory stimulation with cat-safe plants, like catnip or cat grass, which will intrigue their senses.

You can also create a scavenger hunt by hiding treats around the balcony for them to discover.

Installing a bird feeder nearby can keep them entertained as they watch the birds come and go.

Cat Friendly Lighting

cozy outdoor cat lighting

As the sun sets and the evening draws in, having the right lighting on your cat’s balcony can enhance their outdoor experience greatly.

Consider adding solar lanterns to create a warm, inviting atmosphere. These eco-friendly lights charge during the day and provide gentle illumination at night, letting your cat explore safely. You’ll love the way they dance in the soft breeze, casting playful shadows that intrigue your feline friend.

Incorporating ambient lighting helps establish a cozy vibe without overwhelming your cat’s senses.

String lights or low-wattage bulbs can also be effective, offering soft glow while maintaining a relaxed environment.

With the right lighting, your cat can enjoy their balcony even after dark, making every moment outside a delightful adventure.

Safety Measures During Storms

cat safety during storms

Even with charming lighting to enhance your cat’s balcony, safety becomes a top priority when storms roll in.

To guarantee your feline friend remains safe, it’s vital to have a storm preparedness plan. First, create a cozy, enclosed area on the balcony where your cat can seek shelter during bad weather. This safe retreat should be equipped with soft bedding and some of their favorite toys.

Bring your cat inside as soon as you notice storm clouds brewing, and avoid leaving them outside during severe weather. Also, monitor local weather alerts to stay informed.

Cooling Areas for Hot Days

cooling areas for cats

On hot days, it’s essential to create cooling areas on your cat’s balcony to help them beat the heat.

Start by adding shady spots where your feline can escape direct sunlight. You can use outdoor umbrellas, tall plants, or even a small canopy to provide relief.

Consider placing cooling mats in these shaded areas; they’re designed to absorb your cat’s body heat and keep them comfortable. Make certain these mats are easily accessible and positioned near their favorite lounging spots.

You might also want to include a shallow water dish for hydration.

Warm Retreats for Cold Weather

cozy balcony cat retreats

When temperatures drop, creating warm retreats on your cat’s balcony guarantees they stay cozy and comfortable.

Start by adding insulated beds that provide a snug place for them to curl up and escape the chill. Look for beds with thick padding and weather-resistant materials to shield against the cold.

You can also drape heated blankets over their resting spots, giving them an extra layer of warmth. These blankets often come with adjustable settings, allowing you to customize the heat to suit your feline friend’s preference.

Ensure the retreat is sheltered from wind and rain to keep it inviting.

With these simple additions, your cat can enjoy their balcony year-round, even during the coldest days.

Cat Photography Spots

capturing feline balcony moments

After ensuring your cat has a warm retreat on their balcony, it’s time to think about capturing those precious moments.

Look for feline photo spots that naturally highlight your cat’s personality. Elevated areas, like shelves or window perches, create great angles for cat photography. Use natural light to your advantage; mornings and late afternoons provide the best illumination.

Incorporate some greenery or colorful flowers in the background for a vibrant touch. Keep your camera ready, as candid shots often capture the most adorable expressions.

Remember these cat photography tips: focus on your cat’s eyes and be patient, allowing them to engage with their surroundings.

With a little creativity, you’ll have a delightful collection of photos showcasing your furry friend’s balcony adventures!

Playful Water Features

playful aquatic cat entertainment

To create an enchanting balcony environment for your cat, consider adding playful water features that can stimulate their curiosity and provide entertainment.

Cats love water play, and a small fountain or a shallow basin can be perfect for splashing around. You can also introduce aquatic toys, like floating balls or little fish, to keep them engaged.

These toys can bob around in the water, inviting your feline to pounce and swat. Just ascertain the water is shallow enough for safety, so your cat can explore without hazards.

Balcony Exercise Equipment

balcony cat exercise equipment

If you want to keep your cat active and fit, incorporating balcony exercise equipment can make a world of difference.

Consider adding a sturdy cat tree or climbing shelves, which encourage vertical exploration and exercise routines. You can also include interactive toys, like feather wands or laser pointers, to spark playful activities.

A small, secure tunnel can provide endless fun as your cat zips in and out, enhancing their agility. For added variety, think about installing a cat wheel, allowing your feline friend to run and burn off energy safely.

Cat-Friendly Outdoor Art

cat friendly outdoor art ideas

While creating a beautiful outdoor space for your cat, consider incorporating cat-friendly outdoor art that enhances aesthetics and provides stimulation.

Cat mural ideas can transform your balcony into a vibrant haven. Think about painting whimsical designs featuring fish, birds, or playful kittens to spark your feline’s curiosity.

Additionally, explore outdoor sculpture options that are safe for cats, like sturdy, abstract pieces or playful installations they can climb on. Ascertain these sculptures have no sharp edges and are stable enough to withstand playful paws.

Conclusion

In crafting your cat’s balcony sanctuary, you’re not just building a space; you’re creating a safe haven where their spirit can soar like a kite in the sky. Each perch and playful feature symbolizes your love and commitment to their happiness. As they explore their little paradise, you’ll find joy in their contentment, knowing you’ve transformed an ordinary balcony into a vibrant oasis. So go ahead, let your feline friend bask in the sun and chase their dreams!

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *