
Transform your outdoor space into a charming French café with classic bistro tables and chairs for intimate settings. Add vintage rattan seating for warmth and elegance, or opt for elegant metal folding chairs to keep things practical. Colorful café umbrellas provide shade and personality, while interactive seating arrangements encourage socializing. Consider artistic centerpieces and vintage bicycle decor for a whimsical touch. Discover even more ideas to enhance your Parisian ambiance and create an inviting atmosphere.
Classic Bistro Tables and Chairs

When you think of a charming French café, classic bistro tables and chairs often come to mind. These pieces embody the essence of bistro aesthetics, combining elegance with a relaxed vibe.
Picture yourself sipping coffee while basking in the sun, surrounded by the inviting allure of outdoor comfort. Bistro tables, usually round and compact, create an intimate setting, perfect for conversations or people-watching.
The chairs, often adorned with woven patterns or bold colors, add a touch of whimsy. To enhance your outdoor space, consider placing these tables and chairs under a canopy or alongside blooming flowers, inviting guests to linger.
With the right setup, you’ll transform any outdoor area into a delightful Parisian retreat.
Vintage Rattan Seating

To complement the charm of classic bistro tables and chairs, consider incorporating vintage rattan seating into your outdoor café space.
These timeless pieces bring a touch of Parisian elegance, offering both style and comfort. Look for rattan in vintage patterns that add personality and warmth to your seating area. They’re not just attractive but also durable, making them perfect for outdoor use.
For rattan maintenance, keep things simple—regularly wipe them down with a damp cloth to remove dust and avoid moisture buildup.
If your rattan shows signs of wear, a light sanding and a coat of protective sealant can restore its beauty.
With minimal upkeep, your vintage rattan seating will remain a stunning focal point for patrons to enjoy.
Wooden Picnic Tables

Wooden picnic tables offer a rustic charm that’s hard to resist, making them a perfect addition to your outdoor café.
These tables create a welcoming environment, inviting customers to sit, relax, and enjoy their meals. Their natural wood finish complements the surrounding greenery, enhancing the picnic ambiance you aim to achieve.
You can easily arrange them in clusters or rows, allowing for both cozy gatherings and larger groups. To elevate the experience, consider adding cheerful tablecloths or vibrant centerpieces that reflect the season.
With a simple touch, you can transform these picnic tables into an Instagram-worthy spot. By incorporating wooden picnic tables, you’ll evoke the essence of a charming Parisian café right in your own space.
Elegant Metal Folding Chairs

Elegant metal folding chairs bring a touch of sophistication to your outdoor café while maintaining practicality.
These chairs are perfect for creating a charming Parisian vibe, effortlessly folding away when you need to save space. With various metal chair styles available, you can choose sleek designs or more ornate options that fit your café’s aesthetic.
When considering folding chair materials, look for durable options like powder-coated steel or aluminum, which resist rust and weathering. Not only do these materials guarantee longevity, but they also enhance the overall elegance of your seating.
Pair these stylish chairs with small round tables for an inviting atmosphere where patrons can relax and enjoy their coffee while soaking up the ambiance of your café.
Colorful Café Umbrellas

Colorful café umbrellas can instantly transform your outdoor seating area into a vibrant oasis. By choosing umbrellas with colorful designs and vibrant patterns, you’ll create an inviting atmosphere that draws in customers.
Whether you opt for bold stripes, floral motifs, or quirky prints, these umbrellas can add a playful touch to your café’s aesthetic.
Consider mixing and matching different colors to create a lively patchwork effect, or stick to a cohesive color scheme for a more sophisticated look.
Don’t forget about practicality; look for umbrellas that provide UV protection and can withstand the elements.
With the right selection, your café won’t only offer shade but also become a stylish destination that embodies the charm of a Parisian street.
Cozy Nooks With Cushions

Creating cozy nooks with cushions can turn your outdoor café into a charming retreat where customers feel right at home.
To achieve this, use a mix of cozy textiles—think soft throws and plush cushions—in various colors and patterns to create inviting spaces.
Arrange seating in intimate arrangements that encourage conversation, like small clusters of chairs and tables. You can add a touch of elegance with low coffee tables, making it easy for patrons to sip their drinks comfortably.
Don’t forget to incorporate greenery or flowers to enhance the ambiance.
These cozy nooks should feel like hidden gems, inviting guests to linger longer and enjoy the Parisian atmosphere you’ve crafted.
Rustic Wooden Benches

While you may think of traditional café seating as bistro tables and chairs, incorporating rustic wooden benches can add a unique charm to your outdoor space.
These benches, made from natural materials, create a warm and inviting atmosphere that encourages guests to linger. Their sturdy design not only provides comfort but also enhances the rustic charm of your café.
You can position them under a tree or alongside flower beds to create cozy gathering spots. Consider adding soft cushions in muted tones to complement the wood, making the seating more inviting.
Stylish Bar Seating

When you want to elevate the ambiance of your outdoor café, incorporating stylish bar seating can make all the difference. Choose from various bar stool styles that enhance your café’s charm, like classic rattan or sleek metal options. These not only offer comfort but also add a touch of elegance.
Consider your outdoor bar design; it should complement the seating and create an inviting environment. You might opt for a long, rustic bar counter paired with vibrant stools that pop against your café’s backdrop.
Arrange the seating to encourage social interaction, allowing guests to enjoy their drinks while taking in the surroundings. With the right bar seating, your outdoor café can effortlessly capture that quintessential Parisian vibe.
Chic High-Top Tables

Chic high-top tables can instantly transform your outdoor café into a lively gathering spot.
These elevated surfaces not only create an inviting atmosphere but also encourage social interaction. Pair them with sleek stools for a modern touch, and you’ve got a perfect setting for sipping coffee or enjoying a light meal.
To elevate your chic table settings, consider adding stylish centerpieces like small vases filled with fresh flowers or elegant candles. This little detail adds a pop of personality and draws in passersby.
With the right combination of furniture and decor, your café will exude a sophisticated Parisian vibe, making it the go-to place for locals and tourists alike.
Embrace the charm and watch your outdoor space flourish!
Decorative Planters Around Seating

To enhance the ambiance of your outdoor café, contemplate placing decorative planters around seating areas.
These planters add charm and intimacy, inviting guests to relax and enjoy their surroundings. You can choose from various planter styles—think rustic wooden boxes or sleek metal containers—that complement your café’s theme.
Incorporating colorful flowers or lush greenery as decorative accents can bring life to your space, creating a vibrant atmosphere.
Grouping planters at different heights adds visual interest and depth, making your café feel more inviting.
Don’t forget to contemplate the maintenance of your plants; select low-maintenance varieties if you’re short on time.
With thoughtful placement and choice, decorative planters can transform your outdoor seating into a cozy Parisian retreat.
Outdoor Fire Pits

As the sun sets and the air cools, outdoor fire pits can create a warm and inviting atmosphere for your café’s patrons. Incorporating stylish fire pit designs not only enhances your outdoor space but also provides essential outdoor heating.
Whether you opt for a sleek, modern design or a more rustic look, a fire pit can serve as a focal point, encouraging guests to linger a little longer. You can arrange seating around the fire pit for a cozy gathering spot, perfect for sipping coffee or enjoying dessert.
Additionally, consider using fire pits that complement your café’s theme, adding that Parisian touch while ensuring comfort. Your guests will appreciate the warmth and ambiance, making their experience truly memorable.
String Lights for Ambiance

After enjoying the warmth of a fire pit, your café’s outdoor space can be further enhanced with the soft glow of string lights.
These enchanting lights create a magical ambiance, inviting guests to linger longer. Choose from various string light designs, whether you prefer classic white bulbs, colorful lanterns, or vintage Edison styles.
Drape them across your patio, wrap them around trees, or hang them overhead for an inviting atmosphere. Not only do they provide essential outdoor lighting, but they also add charm, reminiscent of Parisian streets.
As the sun sets, the twinkling lights will transform your café into a cozy retreat, making it the perfect spot for evening conversations and leisurely drinks.
Canopy Tents for Shade

While the allure of outdoor dining can be irresistible, providing shade is essential for keeping your guests comfortable during sunny days. Canopy tents are a perfect solution, allowing you to create a cozy atmosphere reminiscent of a Parisian café.
Choose from a variety of canopy colors to complement your café’s aesthetic, whether you prefer soft pastels or vibrant hues. When selecting tent materials, look for durable options like canvas or polyester that can withstand the elements while providing a stylish finish.
You can also opt for retractable tents for flexibility, ensuring you can adapt to changing weather. With the right canopy setup, your outdoor space will invite guests to linger longer, enjoying the ambiance and shade you provide.
Charming Sidewalk Seating

Creating charming sidewalk seating can transform your café into a vibrant hub of activity, inviting passersby to stop and enjoy the atmosphere.
To achieve this, consider using colorful, charming umbrellas that provide shade while adding a pop of personality. Arrange tables and chairs in a way that encourages conversation and creates an inviting layout.
Don’t forget to incorporate sidewalk art; a well-placed mural or chalk drawings can draw attention and spark curiosity. Accessorize with cozy cushions and string lights for an extra touch of warmth.
With these elements combined, your sidewalk seating won’t only be functional but also an enchanting extension of your café, mesmerizing both locals and tourists alike.
Integrated Greenery With Seating

Incorporating greenery into your outdoor seating area can elevate your café’s ambiance, making it feel more inviting and relaxed.
Consider adding a green wall that acts as a stunning backdrop for your seating. This vertical garden not only provides fresh air but also adds a vibrant splash of color to your space.
You can choose a variety of plants that thrive in your climate, creating a lush, natural feel. Arrange your tables and chairs around these green features to encourage customers to enjoy their meals in a serene environment.
Multi-Level Patio Designs

If you want to maximize your outdoor space, consider multi-level patio designs that create visual interest and distinct areas for customers to enjoy.
By incorporating tiered plantings, you can enhance the ambiance while providing a lush backdrop that complements your cafe’s charm. Imagine customers sipping coffee on an elevated dining platform, surrounded by vibrant flowers cascading over the edges.
These designs not only optimize space but also encourage more social interaction, as guests can explore various levels of seating.
You might include small, intimate nooks on lower levels for quiet conversations or larger, communal spaces on higher tiers.
With thoughtful layout and landscaping, your cafe can offer a unique outdoor experience that feels distinctly Parisian, inviting patrons to linger longer.
Artistic Mosaic Tabletops

While you explore ways to enhance your cafe’s outdoor atmosphere, artistic mosaic tabletops can serve as stunning focal points.
These vibrant surfaces can transform your seating area, inviting patrons to linger longer. Choose mosaic patterns that reflect the essence of Paris, such as intricate floral designs or geometric shapes, to create an authentic ambiance.
You can mix and match colors to complement your cafe’s overall theme or create a striking contrast that catches the eye. Unique artistic designs not only add visual interest but also encourage conversation among guests.
Reclaimed Wood Furniture

Transform your outdoor seating area with reclaimed wood furniture that exudes rustic charm and sustainability.
This furniture not only enhances your space’s aesthetic but also reflects a commitment to eco-friendly living. The unique textures and colors in reclaimed wood aesthetics create an inviting atmosphere, perfect for sipping coffee or enjoying a meal al fresco.
You’ll find that sustainable furniture options, like tables and chairs made from repurposed wood, tell their own stories and add character to your café setting.
Pair these pieces with vibrant plants or decorative cushions to elevate the look. By choosing reclaimed wood, you’re making a stylish choice that’s good for the planet, making your outdoor area both beautiful and responsible.
Chic Lounge Seating

Reclaimed wood furniture sets a cozy foundation, but to elevate your outdoor café experience, incorporating chic lounge seating can take your space to the next level.
Choose plush, oversized cushions that invite customers to sink in and relax, enhancing the comfort of your seating. Opt for stylish lounge chairs and low sofas in soft, inviting colors that complement your chic lounge decor.
You might even mix and match different styles to create an eclectic yet cohesive look. Adding throw pillows and soft blankets can also boost comfort and charm.
With the right combination of comfortable seating and chic decor, your outdoor café will become a go-to spot for leisurely afternoons and vibrant conversations, capturing the essence of Parisian culture.
Minimalist Concrete Tables

Minimalist concrete tables can bring a modern edge to your outdoor café, seamlessly blending style with functionality. Their sleek design and unique concrete texture create an inviting atmosphere, perfect for patrons seeking a chic spot to relax.
These tables aren’t just stylish; they also offer remarkable outdoor durability, standing up to the elements without fading or deteriorating.
You’ll appreciate how easy they’re to maintain, ensuring your café remains looking fresh and contemporary.
Pair these tables with simple, elegant chairs to enhance the minimalist vibe. Consider adding a splash of greenery nearby to soften the concrete’s starkness and create a warm, welcoming environment.
With minimalist concrete tables, you can effortlessly elevate your café’s aesthetic while providing a practical seating solution.
Vintage Lanterns for Lighting

As the sun sets and the stars begin to twinkle, vintage lanterns can create a charming ambiance for your outdoor café.
These enchanting lights not only illuminate your space but also add a touch of vintage charm that transports guests to a Parisian evening.
Hang lanterns from tree branches or arrange them on tables to enhance the romantic ambiance.
Choose varying heights and styles to create visual interest, ensuring your café feels inviting and cozy.
Opt for warm-toned bulbs to cast a soft glow, perfect for intimate conversations.
You’ll find that the flickering light of lanterns creates a magical atmosphere, encouraging patrons to linger longer and savor their time in your delightful outdoor setting.
Brightly Colored Chairs

After setting the mood with those enchanting vintage lanterns, it’s time to think about how to bring your outdoor café to life with brightly colored chairs.
Choose hues that pop—think vibrant reds, sunny yellows, or deep blues. These lively chairs not only invite guests to sit but also create an upbeat atmosphere.
Pair them with colorful cushions for added comfort and flair. Don’t forget to complement your seating with playful tableware; mismatched plates and fun mugs can add a whimsical touch.
Together, these elements create an inviting space that encourages patrons to linger a little longer.
Cozy Throws for Cooler Evenings

When the sun sets and a cool breeze sweeps through your outdoor café, cozy throws can turn a chilly evening into a warm and inviting experience.
Drape soft, textured throws over your chairs to invite guests to snuggle up and enjoy the ambiance. Opt for throws featuring plaid patterns that evoke a rustic charm, perfectly capturing that Parisian vibe.
Knit textures add a layer of warmth and coziness, making it easy for patrons to wrap themselves up while sipping their drinks. Choose colors that complement your café’s aesthetic, whether it’s muted tones or vibrant hues.
Seasonal Floral Arrangements

Cozy throws create a warm atmosphere, but adding seasonal floral arrangements can elevate your outdoor café’s charm even further.
Picture vibrant seasonal blooms in delightful arrangements, enhancing the ambiance and inviting patrons to linger longer. Use colorful flowers like tulips in spring, sunflowers in summer, or chrysanthemums in fall to create eye-catching floral centerpieces that reflect nature’s beauty throughout the year.
Consider mixing different heights and textures to add depth to your displays. Don’t forget about the scents; fragrant blooms can create a sensory experience that draws customers in.
Keep your arrangements fresh and well-maintained to guarantee they always look their best. With the right seasonal floral arrangements, your outdoor café will exude that unmistakable Parisian flair.
Portable Folding Furniture

To maximize your outdoor café’s space and flexibility, portable folding furniture is a game-changer.
These pieces come in space-saving designs, allowing you to easily rearrange your seating as needed. You can create cozy nooks for intimate gatherings or open up the area for larger crowds, all without feeling cramped.
Made from lightweight materials, folding chairs and tables are easy to move, so you can adapt to changing weather or special events effortlessly. Plus, they’re perfect for storing away during off-peak times.
With a charming bistro-style folding set, you’ll capture that Parisian vibe while ensuring your café remains functional and inviting.
Embrace the versatility of portable furniture and watch your outdoor space come alive!
Curved Seating Arrangements

Curved seating arrangements can transform your café’s outdoor space into an inviting social hub. By incorporating curved benches and circular tables, you create a cozy atmosphere that encourages conversation and connection.
These designs not only maximize space but also draw patrons in, making them feel more welcomed. Imagine people lounging on plush curved benches, sipping coffee while enjoying the company of friends.
Circular tables enhance this experience, allowing for easy interaction among guests. You’ll find that this layout fosters a sense of community, as it breaks the traditional straight-line seating that can feel rigid.
Investing in these unique arrangements can elevate your café’s charm, giving it that quintessential Parisian flair that keeps customers coming back for more.
Artistic Wall Murals Nearby

Adding artistic wall murals nearby can enhance the charm of your café’s outdoor seating area.
Consider a mural design that reflects the essence of Paris—think lively street scenes or serene landscapes. These enchanting visuals not only draw attention but also create a backdrop that sparks conversation among your patrons.
By selecting a theme that incorporates artistic inspiration, you’ll set a mood that feels both inviting and creative.
Encourage local artists to contribute their talents, transforming blank walls into vibrant canvases that tell a story.
This unique touch won’t only elevate your café’s aesthetic but also foster a sense of community.
Unique Table Shapes

While traditional square and round tables serve their purpose, incorporating unique table shapes can really set your outdoor seating area apart.
Imagine the charm of a hexagonal table, inviting conversation among guests or a long, rectangular table that encourages a communal dining experience. You might even opt for a freeform table with an organic shape, echoing the curves of nature around you.
These unique table designs not only provide functionality but also become conversation starters. Unconventional shapes can fit snugly into various nooks, maximizing your space while adding visual interest.
Built-In Seating Areas

Built-in seating areas can transform your outdoor café into an inviting oasis, seamlessly blending functionality with style. Embrace the charm of built-in benches that encourage lingering conversations while offering a cozy spot for your patrons.
These benches can be designed to match your café’s aesthetic, whether rustic or modern, enhancing the overall vibe.
Consider tiered seating to create a dynamic layout that adds visual interest and allows guests to enjoy the ambiance from different heights. This arrangement not only maximizes your space but also fosters a sense of community, as customers can share their experiences more easily.
Glass Tabletops With Views

Incorporating glass tabletops into your outdoor seating can elevate the dining experience, offering patrons stunning views of their surroundings. These sleek surfaces not only create a modern aesthetic but also enhance the ambiance by reflecting the beauty around them.
Imagine enjoying a croissant while gazing at the vibrant flowers or bustling streets through elegant glass reflections. You’ll appreciate how the tabletops blend seamlessly with scenic backdrops, allowing diners to feel connected to the charm of outdoor Parisian life.
Additionally, they’re easy to clean and maintain, making them a practical choice for busy cafes. By choosing glass tabletops, you’re not just providing a meal; you’re offering an experience that captures the essence of dining al fresco in style.
Low Seating for Casual Dining

Creating a relaxed atmosphere in your cafe can be as simple as opting for low seating arrangements.
Imagine guests lounging on cozy casual cushions, enjoying their meals at low tables, creating an inviting vibe. This setup encourages a laid-back dining experience, perfect for sipping coffee or sharing pastries with friends.
You can mix and match different cushion colors and textures to add a touch of personality while maintaining comfort. Low tables can be paired with poufs or benches, allowing for flexible seating options that cater to groups or solo diners.
Textured Fabrics for Comfort

Low seating isn’t just about the furniture; it’s also about the materials you use to enhance comfort.
To create that cozy Parisian vibe, opt for textured cushions that invite you to sink in and relax. Choose fabrics with rich patterns that add depth and interest to your outdoor space.
Think about soft linens or velvety textures that feel great against your skin. Mixing and matching fabric patterns can also bring a playful yet sophisticated look to your seating area.
You don’t have to stick to one style—layering different textures and colors can create a welcoming atmosphere where you’ll want to linger over coffee and pastries.
Comfort is key, so invest in those plush textiles that elevate your outdoor experience.
Elegant Serving Carts

Elegant serving carts can transform your outdoor café space into a sophisticated dining experience. With their stylish and elegant designs, these carts not only serve beverages and snacks but also add a touch of charm to your setting.
Choose carts made from high-quality materials that withstand the elements while maintaining their beauty. Incorporating functional accessories like built-in wine racks or shelves for glassware makes them even more practical. You can easily maneuver them around your café, ensuring your guests always have what they need.
Enhance the Parisian atmosphere by decorating the carts with fresh flowers or lovely table linens. Your outdoor space will feel inviting and refined, making every meal a delightful experience for your patrons.
Outdoor Rugs for Style

While you may think of rugs as an indoor accessory, outdoor rugs can greatly enhance the style and comfort of your café’s outdoor seating area.
Choosing the right outdoor fabric trends is essential; look for durable, weather-resistant materials that can withstand the elements while adding flair. Bold patterns and colors can create a lively atmosphere, making your café feel inviting.
To keep your outdoor rugs looking fresh, follow these rug maintenance tips: regularly shake out any debris, and use a hose for deeper cleaning.
Allow your rugs to dry completely after rain to prevent mold. With the right outdoor rugs, you’ll transform your café into a cozy, stylish space that captures the essence of a Parisian café.
Oversized Chairs for Comfort

Oversized chairs can transform your café’s outdoor seating into a haven of comfort and relaxation. Imagine your customers sinking into plush, oversized cushions as they sip their coffee, enjoying the ambiance.
These chairs invite people to linger longer, creating a warm and welcoming atmosphere. You can choose outdoor lounges that blend style and comfort, enhancing the Parisian vibe of your café.
Opt for weather-resistant materials, ensuring durability while maintaining elegance. Arrange the oversized chairs around small tables to encourage conversation and connection.
Pet-Friendly Seating Options

Creating a welcoming space for both customers and their furry friends can enhance your café’s charm. Consider adding pet-friendly cushions to your outdoor seating, offering a comfortable spot for dogs to relax while their owners enjoy a coffee.
These cushions not only provide comfort but also contribute to the cozy atmosphere you’re aiming for.
Make sure to have a few dog-friendly treats on hand to delight your four-legged patrons. You could even create a special menu just for them, showcasing tasty options like homemade biscuits.
This thoughtful touch will encourage pet owners to return, knowing their companions are welcome. By prioritizing pet-friendly features, you’re sure to create a delightful experience that keeps both humans and their pets coming back for more.
Interactive Seating Arrangements

When you design interactive seating arrangements, you invite your customers to engage with each other and the café environment.
Create interactive seating zones that encourage conversation, like clusters of tables where people can easily join in. Use a mix of seating options—like benches and small round tables—to foster a relaxed atmosphere.
Consider incorporating communal gathering spaces, such as a larger table for group gatherings or events. This setup not only enhances social interaction but also creates a vibrant, lively ambiance.
Add some cozy cushions or throws to make these areas inviting, and don’t forget to leave room for movement.
With thoughtful arrangements, you’ll transform your outdoor seating into a lively hub, drawing in both locals and tourists alike.
Artistic Centerpieces

While artistic centerpieces might seem like a small detail, they can greatly enhance the overall aesthetic of your outdoor café seating.
Choose artistic vases that reflect your café’s vibe—think sleek glass or rustic ceramic. Fill them with fresh flowers or vibrant greenery to bring life and color to your tables.
You can also incorporate colorful accents, like patterned tablecloths or unique coasters, to create a cohesive look. Consider using seasonal elements, such as pumpkins in the fall or tropical flowers in the summer, to keep things fresh and inviting.
Vintage Bicycle Decor

Vintage bicycle decor adds a whimsical charm to your outdoor café seating, instantly evoking the romantic streets of Paris. Incorporating bicycle aesthetics into your space can create an inviting atmosphere for patrons.
Consider using a vintage bicycle as a statement piece, perhaps propped against a wall or nestled among potted plants. You could even hang flower baskets from the handlebars for a delightful touch.
Small accents like bike wheels or old-fashioned bicycle parts can serve as unique centerpieces, enhancing the vintage decor theme. Adding these elements not only beautifies your café but also sparks conversations among guests.
Embrace the nostalgia and let your outdoor seating reflect the enchanting spirit of Parisian charm through these creative bicycle decor ideas.
Scenic Viewpoints for Seating

To create an enchanting outdoor café experience, you should consider positioning your seating to take advantage of scenic viewpoints.
Look for spots that offer breathtaking scenic vistas, whether it’s a bustling street, a tranquil garden, or a stunning riverbank. By selecting vantage points that allow customers to soak in the surrounding beauty, you’ll enhance their dining experience.
Arrange tables to face these views, encouraging guests to linger longer. Incorporate comfortable seating, so they feel at ease while they sip their coffee and enjoy the atmosphere.
Adding small touches, like potted plants or fairy lights, can further elevate the ambiance. Ultimately, choosing the right viewpoints will create a charming setting that reflects the essence of a true Parisian café.
Conclusion
As you embrace these 40 French café outdoor seating ideas, you’re not just decorating a space; you’re crafting a little slice of Paris in your own backyard. Picture yourself sipping café au lait, feeling the gentle breeze, and hearing the laughter of friends, much like a scene from a classic French film. With each detail you choose, you’re inviting warmth and charm, turning every gathering into a delightful escape, reminiscent of sun-drenched afternoons along the Seine.